The operation of a CNC (Computer Numerical Control Lathe) uses a computer system to control the movement and operation of the machine, enabling the production of highly accurate and complex workpieces. The general working process is as follows:
1. Program preparation (Programming):
Design the part (CAD Model): Start by designing the desired part using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software.
Generate command code (CAM/G-code & M-code): Use CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) software to convert the workpiece drawings into a series of alphanumeric commands that the CNC lathe understands, most commonly in the form of G-code (controls motion and geometry) and M-code (controls additional machine functions such as turning coolant on/off, changing tools).
Enter Command: Enter the command code entered into the CNC lathe's control system (Controller).
2. Machine Setup:
Workpiece Clamping: Place the workpiece firmly into the chuck. The chuck is attached to the spindle, which rotates the workpiece.
Install the cutting tool: Install the appropriate cutting tool on the turret.
Zero Setting: Set reference values (Tool Offset and Work Offset) to let the machine know the exact position of the cutting tool and workpiece.
3. Machine operation (Machining/Operation):
Control System (CNC System): Acts as the "brain" for processing received G-code and M-code commands.
Workpiece Rotation: The main motor drives the main shaft and workpiece chuck to rotate the workpiece at the spindle speed specified in the program.
Cutting tool movement: The control system sends signals to servomotors to drive the axis drive system (e.g. X and Z axes) to make the slide table move according to the command.
Z-axis: Controls axial movement (along the length of the workpiece).
X-axis: Controls radial movement (in and out of the workpiece center).
Turning: When the cutting tool moves into contact with a rotating workpiece, turning occurs to remove excess material until the designed shape is achieved.
Measuring System: Some machines may have a measuring system that monitors the condition and position of the tool and workpiece in real time to ensure accuracy.
4. Mass Production:
Once the first part is complete, the CNC system can automatically repeat the entire process, enabling mass production of parts with consistent precision and quality.
In summary, CNC lathes work by using precise programmable instructions to control the rotation of the workpiece and the movement of the cutting tool, enabling them to efficiently machine cylindrical or symmetrical shapes around an axis.
