Showing posts with label 3d printed buildings. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 3d printed buildings. Show all posts

TriDom crane mounted building 3d printer

TriDom construction 3d printer is machine with excellent idea behind it! While other construction printers have complex and big gantry systems, TriDom is a retrofit kit that can be mounted on static or mobile cranes that are usually used in construction work. It can basically turn an existing crane in robotic arm where a crane does 80% of work and the TriBot frameless Delta does the other 20%. Simple and effective!
I'm not sure how will the crane and TriBot interface or how the crane will be guided? Maybe it can even be done manually for rough outlines and the TriDome mechanics will compensate for precision with agile printehead. We will see... very interesting and marketable tool...




























TriDom is project by Yaron Schwarcz and Anielle Guedesv, and it is still being developed.  Great work!

TriDom home page: http://www.tridom.co/

https://www.facebook.com/tridomtechnologies


Here is a TriDome video presentation:



Swarmscapers 3d printable robots that create structures with sawdust and binding agent

Swarmscapers are 3d printable robotic project that works on development of swarm robots that can work in hostile enviroments and create structures. At this stage of project the robots work on sawdust which they shape by deposing a binding agent.  In future similar machines will hel us inhabit the space.

Swarmscapers are two months long research project conducted in the Creative Architecture Machines studio, taught by Jason Kelly Johnson and Michael Shiloh at California College of the Arts in the Digital Craft Lab. It is a collaboration between Clayton Muhleman, Alan Cation, and Adithi Satish.

Description of the project from the Instructables page:
Swarmscapers explores the potential of an autonomous swarm of robots capable of operating independently in hostile environments. Utilizing on-site materials to create inhabitable structures, the robotic swarm's behavior materializes through a slow and constant process of layered 3d-printing.
This projects the architectural potential of emerging robotic and fabrication technologies through a bottom-up rule-based system. Each unit within the robotic swarm acts as an individual agent embedded with a specific rule-set that drives its behavior and allows it to coordinate with other agents in the system. These agents 3d print large, architectural structures that calcify and emerge from the landscape where the impetus for structure is to develop future encampments in extreme environments, places where humans could not otherwise build. Extreme heat and the abundance of raw materials in the desert make it an ideal testing bed for the robotic swarm to operate, creating emergent seed buildings for future habitations that are ready for human occupancy over the course of multiple decades.

In order to test this wider vision, we established a laboratory-like setting focused on using at least one mobile robot to 3d print scaled objects within a 48" x 48" x 20" build volume. There were 2 major constants within our larger concept that allowed us to focus our research and achieve our goal in a 2 month time frame, which were to create a gantry-less mobile powder bed and inkjet head 3d printer(the specific technology of a Z Corp 3d printer), and to utilize on-site granular materials as building materials. It was important for our machine to remain gantry-less and mobile because it implies that multiple machines will one day be able to autonomously 3d print entire buildings, and it implies that these printers are relatively small compared to the buildings they are 3d printing. The advantages to using powder bed and inkjet head 3d printing as a technology, is that it allows us to print without scaffolding and create highly intricate shapes, and it allows us to reuse the leftover materials so that there is a minimal amount of waste during construction.
In addition, our method can work with almost any granular material including sand, rice, semolina, salt, and sawdust. Since it is important to use materials found on site, we conducted our larger 3d prints in sawdust because CCA generates 6 dumpsters full of sawdust per week. Sawdust is abundant and it is extremely lightweight, making it an ideal material for us to test. The robot works by driving on top of the sawdust based on a tool-path defined in the computer, and dropping a binding agent on the material, hardening it in place. It does this repeatedly, layer by layer until the object is complete.

Swarmscaper robot in its natural inhabitat making a nest for the offspring ...

Anatomy of a Swarmscaper robots and three types: spreader, fixer and excavator ...









































































To learn more and get all the files needed to make robots yourself go to:

http://www.instructables.com/id/Swarmscapers-Autonomous-Mobile-3D-Printing-Robots/?ALLSTEPS


Here is a video of Swarmscapers in action:






For a similar project of small robots making larger structures take a look at Minibuilders.

BetAbram construction 3d printers from Slovenia

Slovenia is our little neighboring country to the west and they have several 3d printing projects like: KORUZA laser wifi, PrintGreen and TroubleMaker 3d printer. Now they have a bigger  machine in the game that can print large concrete structures or buildings with BetAbram series of large 3d printers.
The machines are moving on a rail system and feature metal gantry with extruder that deposits concrete / cement mixture layers.

BetAbram has three different sized printers: P1, P2 and P3. Z-axis height is theoretically unlimited since it can be extended with a rails systems to print tall buildings. 
In the X and Y axes, the P3 can 3d print buildings with plate surface of 4 meters x 3 meters (12 square meters), the P2 is capable of 12 meters x 6 meters (72 square meters), and the biggest, P1 is capable of 16 meters x 9 meters (144 square meters).

Prices will probably range starting from 15000 euro up to 30000 euro. 


















Here is a video of BetAbram machine in action:




BetAbram company page: http://betabram.com/index.html



Sky Printer winch suspended LARGE clay 3d printer

Sky Printer is a BIG delta 3d printer which extrudes clay from a toolhead suspended on winches connected to room sized structure. Print results are still rough but the machine is in improvement phase and it is more aimed at artistic exploration. Similar gantry configuration could be used in even larger machines to print entire buildings.































From project description:
The Sky Printer is an adaptable, cable-based delta-gantry system that can span large areas with a minimal footprint. The Sky Printer is designed for large- scale applications in potentially remote locations. It can be understood as the evolution of the conventional 3d-printer.
We are a team of two architecture students from California College of the Arts in San Francisco. (team members: Thomas Monroy, Taole Chen)The project was developed in the FA14 Creative Architecture Machines Advanced Studio taught by Jason Kelly Johnson and Michael Shiloh (also check out the Digital Craft Lab which is the overarching research department at CCA).
We think the project has immense potentials that we were only able to graze in the two months we had to develop it and were surprised that no one has really attempted it before us. Although the cable-based system inherently has issues with stability, rigidity and may not be easily adapted to very precise applications, there are distinct advantage that point to an exciting future for computer-aided construction:
  • minimal material costs: compared to conventional 3d-printers and CNC-routers, the Sky Printer doesn't need a platform, it hijacks existing structures and topography to construct its own coordinates system. Thus, it can scale up effortlessly without adding exponential material costs relative to its size.
  • minimal maintenance: mechanical parts are minimized, therefore possibilities of failure are minimized. Also, it has the potential to be remote-controlled, allowing it to be deployed in hard to access locations.
  • ability to print on uneven surfaces
  • adaptability: We see tons of possible applications, as the adaptable system allows it to be set up in any environment with vertical surfaces, such as mining pits, abandoned cities, canyons, mars, etc
Within the constraints of the studio class, we focused on additive clay printing as a method to test the system, but the Sky Printer is really much more than just a printer, as we envision it to have an exchangeable tool set that would include grapplers, drills, spades, analysis tools, etc.

Here is a video of Sky Printer in action:



Detailed instructions, STL files for the parts, clay mixture and technical specifications can be found here:

http://www.instructables.com/id/Sky-Printer-Prototyping-An-Adaptable-Large-Scale-3/?ALLSTEPS


Freebot mobile 3d printer concept with angled extruder

Here is a cool concept of wheeled mobile 3d printer with angled extruder that could print continuous and connected object or series of single objects as it moves.

I wonder what would be other advantages of extruder set with the angle.

There are working mobile 3d printers on wheels and they have extruder  that prints strait on the surface ... This configuration could also work on larger scale as construction work / building 3d printer.






























Source: http://set3dfree.weebly.com/blog/freebot-with-angled-hotend

Minibuilders - coordinated small robots 3d printing big buildings




A research group at the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (iaac.net), based in Barcelona set on a goal of reelaborating 3D printing techniques so as to overcome existing limitations of this technique in large-scale.

The objective was to develop a family of small scale construction robots, all mobile and capable of constructing objects far larger than the robot itself. Moreover, each of the robots developed was to perform a diverse task, linked to the different phases of construction, finally working together as a family towards the implementation of a single structural outcome. Hence, instead of one large machine, a number of much smaller robots working independently, but in coordination, towards a single goal.

Currently there are three types of robots:
  • The first robot, the Base Robot, lays down the first ten layers of material to create a foundation footprint. Sensors mounted inside the robot control direction, following a predefined path. Traveling in a circular path allows for a vertical actuator incrementally adjust the nozzle height for a smooth, continuous, spiraling layer. 
  • To create the main shell of the final structure the second robot, the Grip Robot, attaches to the foundation footprint. Its four rollers clamp on to the upper edge of the structure allowing it to move along the previously printed material, depositing more layers. Controlled by custom software the robot follows a predefined path, but can also adjust its path to correct errors within the printing process. Rotational actuators control height above the previous layer to maintain a consistent layer
  • The data derived from the structural analysis is then translated into paths for the third and final robot, the Vacuum Robot. Using a vacuum generator this robot attaches to the surface of the previously printed structure. Moving freely over the first shell on its tracks, depositing material on the surface of the shell, enhancing its structural properties. This task can be performed by one robot, or a swarm of robots working in co-ordination.

Project homepage with more information:

http://www.iaac.net/printingrobots/
























Project credits:

Minibuilders is a project of IAAC, Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia, http://www.iaac.net
developed durning Open Thesis Fabrication in 2013 by:
Researchers: Shihui Jin, Stuart Maggs, Dori Sadan and Cristina Nan
Faculty: Saša Jokić and Petr Novikov
Sponsored by: SD Ventures

New videos of 3d printed houses from China

Two new videos emerged of ten 3d printed houses from China showing the process in more detail and company behind it. It looks like China really leads the way in this filed now. Their technology prints house modules off-site and then connects in the open. They also stick to traditional house shapes. Roofs are not printed due to technology limitations.
One other important aspect is that they use construction waste as material, which could also lower the prices and help to preserve the environment which is getting very badly damaged in China.






They were developed by the Suzhou Yingchuang Science and Trade Development Co., Ltd. in east China's Jiangsu Province and are currently used as offices.

Here is the first post about the houses:



3d printing machine used for producing full sized houses in China









China leads the way (maybe) in low cost 3d printed houses

This story is interesting and somewhat strange. Over at 3ders.org they published an article about 10 3d printed houses that were made in one day in China.
Since it was published on April 1st some people thought it was a joke. There are photographs but third-party references are missing.
It is still feasible that it is real story since China leads the way in many technologies (in they own way) ...


























From the source article:

A group of 3D printed houses, 200 m2 each, recently appears in Shanghai, China. These building were created entirely out of concrete using a gigantic 3D printer, and each costs only 30,000 RMB ($4,800).

The company behind these 3D printed building, Shanghai WinSun Decoration Design Engineering Co, said it has for years been working on developing the system and its materials. The company owns 77 national patents of construction materials, such as glass fiber reinforced gypsum and special glass fiber reinforced cement.

While Hobbyist models of 3D printers are currently available for only a few hundred dollars and lets users feed plastics and polymers into a machine, the company takes this technology to a bigger level. Using concrete, instead of plastic, WinSun wants to revolutionize the way homes and other structures are built.
WinSun's 150(L) x 10(W) x 6.6(H) m gigantic 3D printer is capable of printing entire building within hours. The 'ink' it used is based on high-grade cement and glass fiber. Like traditional 3D printers, the system carefully spills out those materials layer by layer, consistently building upwar
In addition, it is very impressive that the printing material is recycled construction waste, industrial waste and tailings.
WinSun plans to build 100 recycling factories in the country, one in every 300km, to collect and transform the waste into materials for 3D printing through special handling, processing and separation technology. "There will not be any waste from the construction of new buildings." said WinSun CEO Ma YiHe. WinSun expects 3D printing will save construction companies up to 50% on the cost.

Here are some new videos with more details:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2014/04/new-videos-of-3d-printed-houses-from.html


Source and photo credit:
http://www.3ders.org/articles/20140401-10-completely-3d-printed-houses-appears-in-shanghai-built-in-a-day.html


For other 3d printed houses look at:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/search/label/3d%20printed%20buildings


Fully 3d printed foldable shell tiny house by Peter Ebner

Peter Ebner and fully 3d printed Small Transportable Living house


From the article source:

Peter Ebner and his workshop students from the University of California in Los Angeles, University of British town of Huddersfield, Munich Technical University and the Center for Entrepreneurship and University of Applied Sciences have developed a project of the Small Transportable Living and had already built its pilot version.
This house of about 50 ft2 is a variation of a mobile mini-house. Authors of the project explain the relevance of such houses by the fact that now a half of young citizens aged 20-35 lives alone and spends not so much time at home (such dramatic changes in the habits of the population occurred in the last two decades), and, therefore, does not need a spacious housing. Moreover, housing becomes a scarce and costly commodity due to the constant influx of new residents in the city.
But, unlike such mini-houses as “Diogenes” by Renzo Piano, Small Transportable Living in addition to the minimum necessary functions (bedroom, kitchen, bathroom) offers an integrated multimedia system: the projection screen takes up most of the wall and serves as the semantic center of the house. The screen is visible best from the bed on the mezzanine floor, where the projector is hidden.
Streamlined shapes of the house with “dome” shape of the overlap allowed to easily integrate most of the furniture. Also the designers have widely used space under the floor. In addition to technical areas, there are two compartments for storing folding chairs. The main source of light and fresh air is an Oculus window over the bed. A house owner can get on the bed using ladder.
In order to save space, a movable kitchen countertop with sink covers a bathtub. A small kitchen table can be extended out of this surface. The table is comfortable enough for two people. There is also a small fridge. Bathroom is equipped with a “folding” toilet, which can be hidden in the wall. In addition to the bathtub, the house has a shower and a sink.
However, the main feature of the house is its production that requires a 3D-printer. Every small detail, such as “spring” mattress was printed on 3D printer. The designers have printed not only the support structure of the house, but also electricity, heating, water, sewage systems, and thermal insulation. Heater and water treatment devices still can not be printed, but they have been thoughtfully integrated into the design of the house.

Source and more pictures: http://www.interiorholic.com/architecture/3d-printed-shell-house/


For other 3d printed houses look at:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/search/label/3d%20printed%20buildings

Wikifactory on future of building construction




In this Wikifactory news feature they are covering additive manufacturing and CNC production of buildings. They show following projects:






















Terra Projects 3d printing building structures for extreme enviroments




http://terraprojects.org/

From company site:
RIG is a rapidly deployable habitation that aims at allowing for an entirely autonomous living camp from Fabrication-to-Usage. This project has been reviewed by the Antarctic Support Contact; equal parts Lockheed-Martin & United States Antarctic Program; the Danish Consulate of New York and NASA/NSF funded CReSIS (Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets) and is set to change the way we think about creating architecture in remote regions on our planet.
The TERRA PROJECTS have looked at underlaying social ideas behind 3D printing; to shorten the supply chain between what people desire and what they can obtain. We assert that autonomy is at the societal root of 3D printing. The remoteness of the proposed RIG units (Greenland and Antarctica) begin to point toward the need within architecture to be fully self-sufficient and thus enlist 3D Printing and other autonomous fabrication techniques to make new components as necessary, on-site.









Here is some 3d printing with ice:

diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2013/11/3d-printing-with-ice.html

KamerMaker starts 3d printing canal house




KamerMaker crew published on their facebook page that they started work on site on January 6th. They plan to print modular Dutch canal house.

https://www.facebook.com/3DPRINTCANALHOUSE


First post about KamerMaker printing a house:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2013/04/kamermaker-is-going-to-3d-print-house.html

























Update (8.3.2014.):

Here is video of first module of canal house, you also get a look in insides of KamerMaker and control room:





Update (25.6.2014.):

Here is AJ TV report on Kamermaker technology and building it is printing:


CNN video on Contour Crafting 3d printing buildings

3d printing buildings is gaining mainstream attention ... Contour Crafting Berok Khoshnevis gives interview on CNN ...



First post on Contour Crafting 3d printed houses:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2013/11/contour-crafting-3d-printing-houses-of.html


Looks like China now leads the field of 3d printed houses since they printed ten of them in one day:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2014/04/new-videos-of-3d-printed-houses-from.html

Project Egg - 3d printed collaborative art building

Some 3d printed structure art.











From project description:
Project Egg is about 3D printing, the power of Sharing and Co Creating, about new ways to create and collaborate.
Project Egg is a spacious building, consisting of 4760 stones. All stones are unique. They have to be 3D-printed one by one.
Once collected, all of these stones, placed in the exact order, give birth to this building.
The outcome of Project Egg, one of the first 3D printed buildings is first to be shown in Milan during the Furniture Fair in April 2014. After that it will hopefully travel around the world.
Everyone with a desktop 3D is invited to print one stone. This way, the printing community can be seen as a kind of a new and widely spread factory.
All people that sympathize with the project can be of importance too.
You can adopt a stone. When you adopt a stone, it is your stone but you will lend us the stone in order to establish project Egg.
We are looking for new horizons.
We want to connect the whole of the 3D print community.
We want to change the way we produce.
We shift boundaries.


http://projectegg.org/project-egg/

Contour Crafting - 3d printing houses of 2500 sqft in 20 hours

Contour Crafter is house 3d printer. It prints buildings. It can print 2,500 sqft house in 20 hours. Wow! Coming soon to construction site near you. It will change economics of construction business, design of houses, better structural strength,   save lives and make houses cheaper.

Introduction video:




Detailed TED presentation by Behrokh Khoshnevis (http://www.bkhoshnevis.com/)



http://www.contourcrafting.org

If you need more detailed documents take a look at:

http://www.contourcrafting.org/technical-resources/


Update:

here is a video from CNN:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2013/12/cnn-video-on-contour-crafting-3d.html

Update 2:

Looks like US Navy is also funding this project. Military needs rapid deployment cheap buildings ...

http://defensetech.org/2014/01/20/navy-helps-fund-3d-printing-of-buildings/






Construction of bamboo geodesic dome with 3d printed connectors



Assembly of a geodesic dome made with bamboo and a 3D printer from colaborativa.
This is a timelapse video of the assembly of a geodesic dome made with bamboo and a RepRap 3D Printer. The prototype was assembled for the first time in Scarpia XII (http://scarpia2013.blogspot.com.es) on July, 2013. The experimental design is based on the work of Buckminster Fuller, domerama.com, effalo and Colaborativa's own designs and it is shared with a creative commons license.

3d printing is very useful for production of geodesic connectors and hubs. I think that there is still lot of space left for much more innovation and improvements (ie. connectors for square boards etc.) .

There are several deigns on Thingiverse:

http://www.thingiverse.com/search/page:1?q=geodesic&sa=





























Here is another interesting project that connects 3d printing approach and geodesic structures by design software and building elements production:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2013/06/arcology-now-3d-printing-geodesic.html


If you are interested in geodesic construction, http://www.domerama.com/ (not working anymore) is a good resource page. For a geodesic dome calculator check out:

http://www.desertdomes.com/domecalc.html



Echoviren - 3d printed outdoor structure


echoviren from TERRA TOX'IS on Vimeo.
Smith|Allen Studio Presents EchoViren

Gualala, CA. Smith|Allen is participating in the Project 387 Residency,
located in Mendocino Country from August 4-18, 2013. In the heart of
a 150-acre redwood forest, the collaborative duo will be creating a site
responsive, 3D printed architectural installation: Echoviren. The project
merges architecture, art and technology to explore the dialectic between
man, machine and nature. The Project 387 open house and reception
will be Saturday, August 17 from 2-5pm.

Spanning 10 x 10 x 8 feet, Echoviren is a translucent white enclosure, stark
and artificial against the natural palette of reds and greens of the forest.
Walking around and within the structure, the viewer is immediately
consumed by the juxtaposition, as well as uncanny similarity, of natural
and unnatural: the large oculus, open floor, and porous surface framing
the surrounding coastal landscape.

Echoviren is being fabricated, printed, and assembled on site by the
designers. Through the use of architectural technologies and a battery
of consumer grade Type A Machines desktop 3D printers, the duo will
construct the world’s first 3D printed, full-scale architectural installation.
Entirely composed of 3D printed plant based bio-plastic, the constructed
space will decompose naturally back into the forest in 30 to 50 years.
A graft within the space of the forest, Echoviren is a space for
contemplation of the landscape, of the natural, and our relationship
with these constructs. It focuses on the essence of the forest not as a
natural system, but as a palimpsest. The hybridized experience within
the piece highlights the accumulated iterations of a site, hidden within
contemporary landscapes. Echoviren exposes an ecosystem of dynamic
natural and unnatural interventions: the interplay of man and nature
moderated by technology over the centuries.

Smith|Allen merges an architect and designer with a sculpture and
installation artist. The duo’s practice combines an interest in installation,
material and dimension with architecture, computer modeling, and novel
technologies. Smith|Allen focuses on work that is visually, conceptually
and experientially engaging for the viewer. Bryan Allen received his
Masters in Architecture from University of California at Berkeley, and has
taught at UC Berkeley and San Jose State. He has exhibited at Wurster
Hall, the Firehouse Collective, and Headquarters Gallery in Berkeley, and
at numerous spaces in Salt Lake City, Utah. Stephanie Smith is a Bay Area
artist who graduated from UC Berkeley with degrees in Art Practice
Psychology. She has shown at Yerba Buena Gardens, the Worth Ryder
Gallery, Headquarters Gallery, the Firehouse Collective and Café Local
123 in Berkeley. The duo lives and works in Oakland.

Project 387 is a multidisciplinary residency program launching its
inaugural season August 4 – 18, 2013. Located in rural Mendocino
Country, Project 387 has offered six artists an opportunity to develop
their proposed projects in the quiet of giant redwoods. This year’s
selected residents are: Bryan Allen and Stephanie Smith (Oakland CA),
Rich Benjamin (Brooklyn NY), Claudia Bicen (San Francisco CA), Sean
McFarland (San Francisco CA), and Robert Wechsler (Glendale CA).
Project 387 provides community-based living and working experience to
artists in all career stages. The residency is a unique opportunity to dive
into the creative process in a focused, exploratory and rigorous manner
while removed from the clamor of urban distractions.

www.smithallenstudio.com
Music By Patrick Krier




3D printing with silkworms

Something completely different ...




























From video description:

The Silk Pavilion explores the relationship between digital and biological fabrication on product and architectural scales.
The primary structure was created of 26 polygonal panels made of silk threads laid down by a CNC (Computer-Numerically Controlled) machine. Inspired by the silkworm's ability to generate a 3D cocoon out of a single multi-property silk thread (1km in length), the overall geometry of the pavilion was created using an algorithm that assigns a single continuous thread across patches providing various degrees of density.
Overall density variation was informed by the silkworm itself deployed as a biological "printer" in the creation of a secondary structure. A swarm of 6,500 silkworms was positioned at the bottom rim of the scaffold spinning flat non-woven silk patches as they locally reinforced the gaps across CNC-deposited silk fibers. Following their pupation stage the silkworms were removed. Resulting moths can produce 1.5 million eggs with the potential of constructing up to 250 additional pavilions.
Affected by spatial and environmental conditions including geometrical density as well as variation in natural light and heat, the silkworms were found to migrate to darker and denser areas. Desired light effects informed variations in material organization across the surface area of the structure. A season-specific sun path diagram mapping solar trajectories in space dictated the location, size and density of apertures within the structure in order to lock-in rays of natural light entering the pavilion from South and East elevations. The central oculus is located against the East elevation and may be used as a sun-clock.
Parallel basic research explored the use of silkworms as entities that can "compute" material organization based on external performance criteria. Specifically, we explored the formation of non-woven fiber structures generated by the silkworms as a computational schema for determining shape and material optimization of fiber-based surface structures.
Research and Design by the Mediated Matter Research Group at the MIT Media Lab in collaboration with Prof. Fiorenzo Omenetto (TUFTS University) and Dr. James Weaver (WYSS Institute, Harvard University). Mediated Matter researchers include Markus Kayser, Jared Laucks, Carlos David Gonzalez Uribe, Jorge Duro-Royo and Neri Oxman (Director).

Via:

http://3dprintsoftheworld.com/object/3d-printed-pavilion-made-silkworms


Here is older post about 3d printing with bees:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2013/07/3b-printing-3d-printing-with-bees.html

Enrico Dini 3d printed houses

Big big 3d printer printing 3d buildings of complex construction by Enrico Dini.





http://d-shape.com/

Here is new interview with Enrico Dini about 3d printing for reef conservation:

http://diy3dprinting.blogspot.com/2014/04/ap-interview-with-enrico-dini-about-3d.html

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